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PDF Benchmark Comparison - 2026-06-15

Date: June 15, 2026
Machine: WSL2, Intel i7-13700HX, 24 logical CPUs, 7.6 GiB RAM
Toolchain: Go 1.26.4, Python 3.13.10, Node.js v22.20.0
Branch: feat/performance-improvements

Executive Summary

Multi-run validation (June 15, 2026): key harnesses rerun 10× (Zerodha) or multiple times (k6) after the initial full-suite pass.

Category Winner Throughput (validated) Notes
Zerodha weighted (80/15/5, 5000 iter) GoPDFLib 2,646 avg / 2,898 peak ops/sec 10-run mean; ECDSA P-256 signing
Zerodha retail (48 workers) GoPDFSuit 1,978 avg / 2,234 peak ops/sec 10-run mean; see §2b
Data table (2000 rows, 5000 iter) GoPDFLib 189 ops/sec PDF/A-4 compliant
HTTP weighted workload (48 VUs × 35s) gopdfsuit 910 avg / 973 peak req/sec 2-run validation; see §3d
vs Gotenberg (same k6 harness) gopdfsuit 89× faster 910 vs 10 req/sec
Pure Python data table Typst 9.4 ops/sec Bundled typst 0.11.0
Python bindings (Zerodha weighted) pypdfsuit 223 ops/sec CGO + multiprocessing

1. Multi-Library Suite (sampledata/benchmarks)

Dataset: 2,000 user records (ID, Name, Email, Role, Description).
Command: bash sampledata/benchmarks/run_all_benchmarks.sh

Runtime Workload Workers Iterations Min (ms) Avg (ms) P95 (ms) Max (ms) Throughput
GoPDFLib Data table 48 5000 95.42 251.82 401.88 1021.48 180.00
GoPDFLib Zerodha retail 48 48 10.85 19.00 24.31 25.56 1,782.05
GoPDFSuit Zerodha retail 48 48 10.33 20.55 28.36 29.33 1,586.72
pypdfsuit Zerodha retail 10 10 44.48 45.92 49.55 49.55 112.60
FPDF2 Data table 10 10 4686.97 4887.06 5077.91 5077.91 1.96
jsPDF Data table 10 10 1896.27 2034.31 2235.80 2235.80 4.16
PDFKit Data table 10 10 1270.23 1334.29 1403.72 1403.72 5.04
pdf-lib Data table 10 10 1726.79 1820.55 1933.00 1933.00 4.73
Typst Data table 10 10 898.41 991.37 - 1052.62 9.42

Typst note: typst/bench.sh failed because the bundled binary is typst 0.11.0, which does not support --pdf-standard a-2b. Results above are from a manual rerun without the PDF/A flag. See Known Issues.

Node.js note: jsPDF, PDFKit, and pdf-lib failed on the first run_all_benchmarks.sh pass due to missing npm install. They were rerun successfully after installing dependencies.

Data-Table Ranking (throughput)

  1. GoPDFLib - 180 ops/sec (92× faster than FPDF2)
  2. Typst - 9.4 ops/sec
  3. PDFKit - 5.0 ops/sec
  4. pdf-lib - 4.7 ops/sec
  5. jsPDF - 4.2 ops/sec
  6. FPDF2 - 2.0 ops/sec

Zerodha Single-Document Ranking (throughput)

  1. GoPDFSuit - 1,978 ops/sec (10-run mean)
  2. GoPDFLib - 1,782 ops/sec
  3. pypdfsuit - 113 ops/sec (10-worker harness; CGO + Python overhead)

2. Zerodha Gold Standard - Multi-Run Validation

2a. GoPDFLib weighted - 10 runs (make bench-gopdflib-zerodha)

Workload: 80% Retail / 15% Active / 5% HFT, 5000 iterations, 48 workers, ECDSA P-256 signing.

Run Throughput (ops/sec) Avg Latency (ms)
1 2,452.01 19.07
2 2,377.29 19.68
3 2,581.94 17.74
4 2,456.85 19.00
5 2,804.22 16.67
6 2,860.05 16.28
7 2,619.42 17.51
8 2,846.40 16.39
9 2,898.07 15.89
10 2,561.59 18.34
Mean 2,645.78 17.66
Median 2,600.68 17.63
σ 192.09 1.33
Peak 2,898.07 -

The initial single-run value of 1,321 ops/sec (during the full benchmark suite) was a cold-start outlier. After dedicated 10-run validation, sustained throughput is ~2,500–2,900 ops/sec.

2b. GoPDFSuit Zerodha retail - 10 runs (make bench-gopdfsuit-zerodha)

Workload: single retail contract note, 48 iterations, 48 workers.

Run Throughput (ops/sec) Avg Latency (ms)
1 2,234.24 15.20
2 2,180.95 16.42
3 2,176.16 16.01
4 2,018.49 17.21
5 1,980.93 19.08
6 1,863.94 19.45
7 1,842.00 20.08
8 1,831.87 19.07
9 1,829.56 17.76
10 1,817.01 18.23
Mean 1,977.51 17.85
Median 1,922.43 18.00
σ 166.19 1.62
Peak 2,234.24 -

2c. pypdfsuit weighted (single run, reference)

Runtime Command Throughput Avg Latency Min Max
pypdfsuit make bench-pypdfsuit-zerodha 223.09 ops/sec 188.75 ms 2.07 ms 3,094 ms

pypdfsuit vs GoPDFLib (10-run mean): 223 ÷ 2,646 = 8.4% of native Go throughput on the weighted harness.

3. Makefile Benchmark Targets

3a. Library / harness targets

Target Throughput Key metric
bench-gopdflib-data 189.43 ops/sec 5000 iter, 48 workers, data table
bench-gopdfsuit-zerodha 1,978 avg / 2,234 peak ops/sec 10-run validation; 48 iter retail
bench-gopdflib-zerodha 2,646 avg / 2,898 peak ops/sec 10-run validation; 5000 iter weighted
bench-pypdfsuit-zerodha 223.09 ops/sec 5000 iter weighted mix (single run)

3b. Go test micro-benchmarks

make bench-handler-all - Gin handler, financial_report.json:

Benchmark ns/op MB/s B/op allocs/op ~ops/sec
FinancialReport (serial) 321,648 226.82 333,392 289 ~3,109
FinancialReport_Parallel 59,994 - 339,895 289 ~16,669

make bench-pdf-micro - internal/pdf, Rows2000 (10-run average):

Benchmark ns/op MB/s B/op allocs/op ~ops/sec
GenerateTemplatePDF/Rows2000 ~15.3M ~108 ~5.8M ~59,900 ~65
GenerateTemplatePDF_WrapEnabled/Rows2000 ~30.8M ~57 ~6.0M ~61,300 ~32
GoPdfSuit ~15.4M - ~5.8M ~59,900 ~65

3c. GoPDFKit apples-to-apples (make bench-gopdfkit-compare)

benchtime=5s, 40 workers, Go 1.26.4:

Workload GoPDFKit (pdf/s) GoPDFLib (pdf/s) gopdflib lead
text_short 114,825 206,298 +80%
text_240_lines 14,077 23,741 +69%
table_180_rows 11,307 28,870 +155%
table_900_rows 2,460 7,621 +210%
invoice_40_rows 39,240 105,514 +169%
png_table_180_rows 6,949 32,077 +362%
png_rows_60 4,792 42,548 +788%

Winner: gopdflib on all 7 workloads.

3d. HTTP load tests (k6, 48 VUs × 35s, tagged_ecdsa)

k6 throughput varies with run order and system load. Dedicated make bench-k6 runs (2-run validation) averaged 910 req/s (peak 973 req/s). Runs executed back-to-back during the full multi-library suite measured ~747–769 req/s.

k6 - 2-run validation (headline numbers)

Run Timestamp http_reqs/s http med http p99 pdf_gen med pdf_gen p99 Retail avg HFT avg
1 2026-06-15 01:14 IST 972.74 13.57 ms 276.11 ms 15 ms 444 ms 17.3 ms 375.6 ms
2 2026-06-15 01:15 IST 846.37 15.38 ms 337.18 ms 17 ms 527 ms 19.4 ms 440.9 ms
Mean - 909.56 14.48 ms 306.65 ms 16 ms 485.5 ms 18.4 ms 408.3 ms

k6 - runs during full benchmark suite (reference)

Run http_reqs/s http med http p99
Suite run 1 758.93 17.07 ms 380.08 ms
Suite run 2 747.10 17.78 ms 385.97 ms
Suite run 3 767.65 17.07 ms 380.08 ms
Mean 757.89 17.31 ms 382.04 ms
Target http_reqs/s http med http p99
make bench-k6 (gopdfsuit, 2-run mean) 909.56 14.48 ms 306.65 ms
make bench-k6 (gopdfsuit, peak) 972.74 13.57 ms 276.11 ms
make bench-gotenberg (single run) 10.17 4.37 s 8.50 s

gopdfsuit vs Gotenberg (2-run mean): 909.56 ÷ 10.17 = 89.4× higher HTTP throughput.
Peak run: 972.74 ÷ 10.17 = 95.6×.

k6 latency breakdown (peak run - 972.74 req/s):

Segment avg p99
Retail 17.3 ms 75 ms
Active 23.8 ms 92.7 ms
HFT 375.6 ms 624.8 ms

4. Cross-Stack Comparison

Stack Harness Workload Throughput Unit
GoPDFLib bench-gopdflib-zerodha (10-run mean) Zerodha weighted 2,646 PDF/s
GoPDFLib bench-gopdflib-zerodha (10-run peak) Zerodha weighted 2,898 PDF/s
GoPDFSuit bench-gopdfsuit-zerodha (10-run peak) Zerodha retail 2,234 PDF/s
GoPDFSuit bench-gopdfsuit-zerodha (10-run mean) Zerodha retail 1,978 PDF/s
GoPDFLib run_all single Zerodha retail 1,782 PDF/s
gopdfsuit bench-k6 (2-run mean) HTTP weighted 910 req/s
gopdfsuit bench-k6 (peak) HTTP weighted 973 req/s
gopdfsuit bench-k6 (suite runs mean) HTTP weighted 758 req/s
GoPDFLib bench-gopdflib-data Data table 189 PDF/s
pypdfsuit bench-pypdfsuit-zerodha Zerodha weighted 223 PDF/s
pypdfsuit run_all single Zerodha retail 113 PDF/s
Typst data table Data table 9.4 PDF/s
PDFKit data table Data table 5.0 PDF/s
pdf-lib data table Data table 4.7 PDF/s
jsPDF data table Data table 4.2 PDF/s
Gotenberg bench-gotenberg HTML Chromium 10.2 req/s
FPDF2 data table Data table 2.0 PDF/s

5. Key Findings

  1. GoPDFLib dominates in-process workloads. On the Zerodha weighted gold standard (10-run validated) it averages 2,646 ops/sec (peak 2,898) - roughly 12× faster than pypdfsuit on the same harness and 1,300× faster than FPDF2 on the data-table task.

  2. pypdfsuit is viable for Python production use. At 223 ops/sec on the full weighted Zerodha mix (signed PDF/A contract notes including 2.4 MB HFT documents), it far exceeds pure-Python libraries (FPDF2 at 2 ops/sec) while retaining the full gopdfsuit feature set.

  3. HTTP API is production-grade. make bench-k6 sustains 910 req/sec (2-run mean) with a peak of 973 req/sec, 0% errors, ~14 ms median HTTP latency, and ~307 ms p99 - aligned with historical ~825 req/s averages. Runs executed during the full benchmark suite averaged ~758 req/s.

  4. Gotenberg is not competitive for this workload. Chromium-based HTML rendering caps at ~10 req/sec vs gopdfsuit's ~910 req/sec - an 89× gap on identical k6 scenarios (peak: 96×).

  5. Single-shot benchmarks can underreport. The first GoPDFLib weighted run during the full suite measured only 1,321 ops/sec; dedicated 10-run validation showed the true steady-state band is 2,400–2,900 ops/sec. The same effect applies to k6 when run back-to-back with other harnesses. Prefer dedicated multi-run validation for headline numbers.

  6. gopdflib beats GoPDFKit on every micro-workload in the apples-to-apples compare harness, with leads ranging from +69% (text) to +788% (PNG rows).

  7. Typst is the fastest non-Go data-table option at 9.4 ops/sec, but the bundled binary (0.11.0) lacks PDF/A support flags used by bench.sh.

6. Targets Not Run

Target Reason
bench-gopdflib-zerodha-x2/x5/x10 Statistical multi-run variants; single run captured
bench-pypdfsuit-zerodha-x2 Same
bench-gopdflib-data-pprof pprof capture variant (longer)
bench-pdf-macro Extended synthetic table sizes
bench-pdf-typst Requires compare build tag
bench-gopdfkit-html Opt-in HTML subset, needs Chrome
bench-k6-light Reduced k6 + pprof: 24 VU × 15s, lower RAM (WSL / shared machine)
bench-k6-retail/1k/1500/smoke/spike/soak k6 scenario variants
bench-suite / bench-suite-full Meta-targets composing above

7. Known Issues

Issue Impact Workaround
typst/bench.sh uses --pdf-standard a-2b Fails on bundled typst 0.11.0 Compile without flag; upgrade binary to 0.12+
run_all_benchmarks.sh needs npm install first jsPDF/PDFKit/pdf-lib fail silently Run npm install in sampledata/benchmarks/
System typst in PATH may shadow bundled binary Wrong version picked Use explicit path to typst-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/typst
k6 run after full benchmark suite Throughput drops ~20–30% (758 vs 973 req/s) Run make bench-k6 as a dedicated harness for headline HTTP numbers
k6 server dies mid-run (~70%) on WSL OOM / resource contention when parallel benchmarks run Run make bench-k6-light in isolation; stop run_all_benchmarks and other heavy jobs first

8. Commands Used

# Setup
make bench-setup
cd sampledata/benchmarks && npm install
cd bindings/python && ./build.sh && pip install -e .

# Multi-library suite
bash sampledata/benchmarks/run_all_benchmarks.sh

# Makefile targets
make bench-gopdflib-zerodha
make bench-pypdfsuit-zerodha
make bench-gopdfsuit-zerodha
make bench-gopdflib-data
make bench-handler-all
make bench-pdf-micro
make bench-gopdfkit-compare
make bench-k6
make bench-k6-light   # 24 VU × 15s - use on WSL or when full run OOMs
make bench-gotenberg

# Multi-run validation
for i in $(seq 1 10); do make bench-gopdflib-zerodha; done
for i in $(seq 1 10); do make bench-gopdfsuit-zerodha; done
for i in 1 2; do make bench-k6; done